BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology
II
Module 01 Case Study
Question 1
Jasper is a 7-year-old boy who has had flu-like symptoms for
several weeks. It was mild at first, but his parents notice that he has been getting
worse. They took him to his pediatrician last week, but he was sent home with
suggestions to use OTC medication to treat his symptoms while his body
recovered from what appeared to be a mild infection. Jasper appears weak, has
lost 3-4 pounds in the last month, and has been complaining of headaches.
Jasper’s parents have now brought him back to the clinic and another physician
orders a CBC.
What is a CBC? In your own words, briefly describe why it is
useful.
Question 2
The physician suspects that Jasper may have leukemia. Which
of the lab results most likely lead the physician to this conclusion?
Question 3
Jasper exhibits many symptoms that could relate to a
diagnosis of leukemia. List and briefly explain 2 other symptoms of leukemia
that are NOT mentioned in this case study.
Question 4
Because of Jasper’s age, which type of leukemia is the most
likely?
Question 5
If Jasper has ALL, which of the following lab results is
most likely?
Question 6
What is the most common type of childhood leukemia? In your
own words, briefly describe the pathophysiology of the disease.
Question 7
Which of these tests would NOT be helpful in diagnosing
leukemia?
Question 8
In your own words, briefly describe the difference between
myelogenous and lymphocytic leukemia.
Question 9
Which of the following is NOT a treatment option for ALL?
Question 10
Assuming that Jasper has the most common type of childhood
leukemia, what is his prognosis?
BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology
II
Module 2 Case Study
Question 1
Rashidah
is a 55-year-old female who is experiencing acute chest pain and shortness of
breath. She describes the pain as “pressure and squeezing.” When she becomes
nauseous and light-headed, her son insists that he take her to the emergency
room.
Health History: She started smoking when she was 18,
attempted to quit several times in her 40s, and had her last cigarette on her
50th birthday. She has been overweight for most of her adult life, but has
gained 20 pounds in the last few years, which increased her BMI to 34. The last
time she had a physical exam was when she turned 50. Her vital signs and blood
test results from that exam are listed below.
BP: 178/90
HDL: 62 mg/dl
LDL: 190 mg/dl
Triglycerides: 174 mg/dl
Total cholesterol: 252 mg/dl
Fasting blood glucose: 128 mg/dl
Which of these statements is most likely ?
Answers:
Rashidah is experiencing a stroke.
If Rashidah’s symptoms persist even when she rests, she is
experiencing angina.
Rashidah is likely
experiencing a myocardial infarction.
Since Rashidah’s symptoms are acute, she is likely suffering
from a respiratory disorder.
Question 2
In the
emergency room, multiple tests are performed. Which of these results would
confirm myocardial damage?
Answers:
Decrease myoglobin
Elevated troponin and
creatine kinase
Elevated blood glucose levels
Increase in WBC count
Question 3
Which
of Rashidah’s physical exam lab test results was within normal limits for her
age and sex?
Answers:
HDL
LDL
Total cholesterol
Fasting blood glucose
Question 4
Given
her last physical exam results, Rashidah’s physician believes she has likely
had undiagnosed atherosclerosis for years. Briefly describe the pathophysiology
of atherosclerosis.
Question 5
Rashidah’s
most recent Body Mass Index indicates that she is:
Answers:
Underweight
Healthy
Overweight
Obese
Question 6
Which
of the following statements is ?
Answers:
Rashidah’s lab
results and history tell us that she has Metabolic Syndrome.
Rashidah’s heart attack was likely caused by a pulmonary
embolism.
Rashidah’s heart attack was likely unrelated to her history
of smoking.
Rashidah’s risk of a repeat heart attack is very low.
Question 7
A
coronary angiography is performed and shows a complete blockage of the LAD.
Briefly describe what this means.
Question 8
Which
of the following treatments would help
Rashidah’s condition?
Answers:
Surgical placement of
a stent in the left descending artery
Surgical repair of her aorta
Mitral valve replacement
Vitamin K supplementation
Question 9
Rashidah
quit smoking 5 years ago, but still suffered a myocardial infarction. She is
tempted to start smoking again since quitting “obviously didn’t make me
healthier.” What does research tell us about her future health risks if she
resumes smoking?
Question 10
Before Rashidah is discharged from the hospital, her care
team informs her that she may experience stable angina, a form of chest pain,
in the future. Briefly explain how angina is different from the pain associated
with a myocardial infarction.
BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology
II
Module 03 Case Study
Question 1
Bonnie,
a 52-year-old female, has been having some mild pain in her legs recently and
is not sure if she should be concerned about it. She decides to visit her
primary care physician since the pain isn’t going away. Bonnie tells her
physician that the pain feels like a “general soreness or ache” and seems to be
worse on the left side. Her physician notes that the left lower leg seems
slightly swollen when compared to the right and feels slightly warmer than the
right leg.
Bonnie has a history of smoking (1-2 packs/week in her 20s
and 30s). She has a BMI of 29. She travels often to see her family that lives
across the country. The only medication she has ever taken regularly was oral
contraceptives. Now that she is peri-menopausal, she has been treating her
symptoms with hormone replacement therapy.
Which of these statements is most likely ?
Answers:
Bonnie has deep vein
thrombosis.
Bonnie’s leg pain is likely caused by shin splints.
Bonnie is likely experiencing osteoarthritis.
Bonnie is experiencing symptoms relating to peripheral
neuropathy.
Question 2
Bonnie’s
physician suspects DVT. Which of the following procedures would likely be used
to diagnose this condition?
Answers:
Ultrasound
Blood glucose test
X-ray
Arteriogram
Question 3
Briefly
define “thrombus” in your own words.
Question 4
Many of
the symptoms Bonnie is experiencing could be related to cardiovascular issues,
like DVT. Which of the following symptoms
would also relate to that diagnosis?
Answers:
Cold extremities
Red or discolored
skin on her legs
Numbness in her hands and fingers
Numbness following the S1 dermatome
Question 5
How
does Bonnie’s frequent traveling relate to her diagnosis? Briefly explain this
in your own words.
Question 6
Pulmonary
embolism is the most common complication of DVT. List and briefly describe 3
symptoms that Bonnie should look out for.
Question 7
Which
of the following factors would NOT be related to Bonnie’s risk of DVT?
Answers:
Recent surgery
Childhood disease
history
Family history of pulmonary embolism
Personal history of cancer
Question 8
Which
of the following is NOT a common treatment for DVT?
Answers:
Clot busters
Compression stockings
Blood thinners
Coagulants
Question 9
Which
of the following statements is ?
Answers:
Bonnie’s history of oral contraceptives and current use of
hormone therapy is not a risk factor for DVT.
Bonnie’s condition
could be caused by a genetic condition that increase the risk of clotting.
Treatment for Bonnie’s condition should last a total of
about 2-3 days.
Bonnie’s condition will likely be treated with stent
placement.
Question 10
List
and briefly describe 3 prevention measures that Bonnie can take to avoid
further complications.
BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology
II
Module 04 Case Study
Question 1
Zane, a
26-year-old male, came upon a car accident and immediately started to help the
victims, who were pinned in their car. There was blood all over the scene and
Zane acted without having any personal protective equipment. While helping the
victims, he cut his arms in several places on the sharp metal and shards of
glass. A few weeks later, he developed flu-like symptoms that persisted for several
days. He went to his clinic and tested negative for influenza.
Because of his recent exposure, Zane’s doctor was suspicious
of blood borne pathogens. Which of the following disorders are blood-borne
diseases?
Answers:
HIV infection
Hepatitis A
Cirrhosis
Leukemia
Question 2
Lab
tests confirm the presence of HIV antibodies in Zane’s blood. Briefly describe
why there are antibodies present.
Question 3
Briefly
define “autoimmunity” and “immunodeficiency” in your own words. Which of these
conditions is Zane more likely to develop?
Question 4
During
the primary HIV infection, which of the following cells decreases in number?
Answers:
T-cells
B-cells
Natural killer cells
Phagocytes
Question 5
Which
of the following statements is ?
Answers:
HIV typically causes AIDs within the first year of exposure.
AIDs is caused by depletion of B-cells.
The cause of death
for a patient with AIDS is usually an opportunistic infection.
HIV is treated with antibiotics.
Question 6
HIV is
a retrovirus. Briefly describe how a retrovirus is different from other
viruses.
Question 7
Zane is
worried about passing the virus to his friends and family. Which of the
following bodily fluids can transmit HIV? (Select all that apply.)
Answers:
Blood
Tears
Feces
Sputum
Sweat
Semen
Question 8
Which
of the following is NOT a symptom of acute HIV infection?
Answers:
Fever
Large, tender lymph nodes
Throat inflammation
Numbness
Question 9
The
initial symptoms of HIV infection are followed by clinical latency. Which of
the following statements is ?
Answers:
Clinical latency is a symptomatic period of infection.
The clinical latency period usually lasts less than a year.
Clinical latency is
the second stage of HIV infection and can last anywhere from 3 to 20 years.
Patients usually become overweight or obese during clinical
latency.
Question 10
Zane is
told that he may develop AIDS in his lifetime. Which signs and symptoms would
indicate that he has AIDS?
Answers:
Encephalitis, tumors,
tuberculosis, retinitis, T-cell count below 200 cells/uL
Migraines, respiratory disorders, T-cell count over 200
cells/uL
Esophagitis, tumors, diarrhea, B-cell count under 200
cells/uL
Liver spots, abnormal moles, chronic headaches, B-cell count
over 200 cells/uL
BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology
II
Module 06 Case Study
Question 1
Maria,
a 66-year-old female, visits her physician complaining of sudden onset
abdominal pain, nausea, and diarrhea. She does not take any prescription
medications, but does take aspirin each day to lower her risk of heart disease.
She has no notable history of digestive system issues. Maria has a family
history of pancreatitis. She is slightly obese and has been mostly sedentary
since her recent retirement. Her doctor performs multiple tests and diagnoses
Maria with diverticulitis.
Diverticulitis affects which digestive organ?
Answers:
Large intestine
Small intestine
Stomach
Liver
Question 2
Briefly
explain, in your own words, the anatomy of diverticula. Include information
about the layers of the alimentary canal.
Question 3
Diverticula
may be asymptomatic for years or for a lifetime. Describe, in your own words,
why diverticula may cause sudden pain.
Question 4
In
addition to the symptoms Maria reported, which of these symptoms is commonly
related to diverticulitis?
Answers:
Pain in the upper right quadrant
Pain in the upper left quadrant
Constipation
Vomiting
Question 5
Which
part of Maria’s history is NOT a risk factor for diverticulitis?
Answers:
Aspirin regimen
Obesity
Sedentary lifestyle
Family history of
pancreatitis
Question 6
Maria’s
doctor asks about her diet. Which of these diets is most closely related to
diverticulosis/diverticulitis?
Answers:
Low fiber diet
Low carbohydrate diet
High fat diet
Vegetarian diet
Question 7
One of
the tests Maria’s doctor orders is a fecal occult blood test. It was positive.
Briefly describe why this test was positive in Maria’s case.
Question 8
One of
the diagnostic tests that Maria’s doctor ordered was a visual exam of the
inside of the large intestine with a camera that is inserted through the anus
and rectum. What is this procedure called?
Answers:
Endoscopy
Colonoscopy
Computerized tomography
Angiogram
Question 9
If
Maria’s case is severe, she may choose to undergo a colon resection. Which of
these statements describes that procedure?
Answers:
A portion of the small intestine is used to replace the
affected portion of the large intestine.
The affected portion
of the large intestine is removed and the remaining end of the large intestine
are joined together.
Feces is redirected from the colon to a pouch on the outside
of the body.
Diverticula are removed by lasers.
Question 10
Briefly
describe the difference between diverticulosis and diverticulitis. Include
information about the prevalence of each condition.
BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology
II
Module 07 Case Study
Question 1
Kelly
is a 36-year-old female who has a history of type 2 diabetes, several
respiratory infections as a child, and two full-term pregnancies (5 and 7 years
ago). Two days ago, she began feeling a burning sensation when urinating. Her
pain is progressively getting worse. Kelly assumes that she has a urinary tract
infection (UTI) and makes an appointment at her primary clinic to seek relief.
A urinary tract infection could affect all of the following
organs, except:
Answers:
Spleen
Kidneys
Bladder
Urethra
Question 2
Kelly’s
physician orders a urinalysis. If she has a UTI, which of the following will
most likely be abnormal?
Answers:
pH
Hemoglobin
Nitrates
Leukocytes
Question 3
Having
female anatomy is a major risk factor for UTIs. Briefly describe, in your own
words, why this is .
Question 4
Aside
from being female, which other risk factor is mentioned in Kelly’s history?
Question 5
Kelly’s
physician determines that her infection has reached her bladder. What is this
called?
Answers:
Urethritis
Cystitis
Pyelonephritis
Ureteritis
Question 6
Aside
from Kelly’s complaint, which other symptoms are likely for her condition?
(Select all that apply.)
Answers:
Strong urge to
urinate
Frequent urination in
small amounts
Red, pink, or light
brown colored urine
Right upper quadrant pain
Cloudy urine
Pelvic pain
Question 7
Which
of the following would be a sign that Kelly’s UTI has reached her kidneys?
Answers:
upper back and flank
pain
Headache/migraine
Pelvic pressure/pain
Incontinence
Question 8
Which
of the following choices is the most common cause of UTIs?
Answers:
Viruses
Bacteria
Yeast
Fungi
Question 9
Kelly
will likely be prescribed short-course antibiotics for treatment. She may also
be prescribed an analgesic. How would this help her, physiologically?
Question 10
List
and describe 3 steps Kelly can take to prevent UTIs in the future.
BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology
II
Module 08 Case Study
Question 1
Jeff is
a 57-year-old male with a long history of type 1 diabetes. He takes insulin to
manage his diabetes, but has been having trouble maintaining steady blood
glucose levels over the last two weeks. Jeff suffered a week-long case of
influenza last month, but is otherwise healthy. This morning, he began vomiting
upon waking. This was followed by extreme abdominal pain and extreme thirst. He
called his endocrinologist, who told him that he needs to seek emergency care.
Given Jeff’s history of type 1 diabetes, which of the
following conditions is he most likely experiencing?
Answers:
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Diabetic alkalosis
Question 2
Diabetic
ketoacidosis is a type of respiratory acidosis.
Answers:
Question 3
If Jeff
has diabetic ketoacidosis, which of the following symptoms may he also be
experiencing?
Answers:
Infrequent urination
Deep, rapid breathing
Lethargy
Increased salivation
Question 4
To
diagnosis his condition, a blood osmolality test is ordered. An abnormally high
result could point to all of the following conditions EXCEPT:
Answers:
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Stroke or head trauma
Dehydration
Oversecretion of ADH
Question 5
If Jeff
has an acidic condition related to his diabetes, which of the following signs
are likely to be present?
Answers:
Tachycardia and
hypotension
Bradycardia and hypotension
Bradycardia and hypertension
Tachycardia and hypertension
Question 6
Briefly
explain why Jeff has a feeling of extreme thirst.
Question 7
Metabolic
acidosis results is low blood pH levels and high bicarbonate ion concentration.
Answers:
Question 8
If
Jeff’s condition goes untreated, his body may begin to hyperventilate to
compensate for the change in his blood pH levels.
Answers:
Question 9
Treatment
for Jeff’s acidic condition may include all of the following EXCEPT:
Answers:
Fluid replacement
Insulin
Dietary water
restriction
Sodium bicarbonate solution
Question 10
Kidney
failure, cardiac arrest, and cerebral edema are all possible complications if
Jeff’s condition is not treated.
Answers:
BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology
II
Module 09 Case Study
Question 1
Samira
is a 26-year-old female with a history of intense dysmenorrhea. She experience
menarche at age 11. Her menstrual cycles average 25 days in length. She has a
BMI of 18. Her menstrual cycle pain had decreased over the last 3 years while
she was consistently taking birth control pills. However, she is now planning
her first pregnancy and has been off birth control for 6 months now. She has
yet to conceive, even though she and her partner have been carefully timing
intercourse and monitoring Samira’s fertility window each month. Her
dysmenorrhea has returned and she has developed menometrorrhagia, along with
other cyclical symptoms like diarrhea, bloating, and craving salty foods.
Samira’s physician is concerned that she may have
endometriosis. Briefly explain the pathophysiology of this condition.
Question 2
Which
of Samira’s symptoms is most likely NOT related to endometriosis?
Answers:
Craving salty food
Diarrhea
Dysmenorrhea
Bloating
Question 3
Why
would Samira’s dysmenorrhea symptoms decrease when taking birth control pills?!
Question 4
List
and briefly describe 3 risk factors Samira has for endometriosis.
Question 5
Aside
from the symptoms Samira has, which of the following symptoms is also likely
for women who experience endometriosis? (Select all that apply.)
Answers:
Fatigue
Pain with bowel
movements
Pain with intercourse
Increased likelihood of gonorrhea
Increased risk of genital warts
Question 6
Samira’s
physician wants to perform several tests to diagnose her condition. Which of
the following procedures would NOT be helpful in diagnosing endometriosis?
Answers:
Pap smear
Ultrasound
Pelvic exam
Laparoscopy
Question 7
If
Samira still wishes to become pregnant, which treatment option may decrease her
symptoms while allowing fertilization and implantation of an ovum?
Answers:
Progestin therapy
Depo-Provera
Estrogen-Progesterone patch
Conservative surgery
Question 8
List
and describe 3 lifestyle or at-home treatments that may help Samira reduce her
symptoms.
Question 9
Which
of the following statements is ?
Answers:
Women with endometriosis always have symptoms of the
disease, even if they are only mild symptoms.
Patients under 25 years of age with endometriosis are often
treated with surgical hysterectomy.
In endometriosis, endometrial tissue only grows on
reproductive organs and cannot affect other structures in the pelvic or
abdominal cavity.
About 1/3 of women
with endometriosis struggle with infertility.
Question 10
Which of the following statements is ?
Answers:
Genetics play no role in endometriosis.
Women who have
mothers, aunts, and sisters with endometriosis are more likely to develop the
condition themselves.
Endometriosis is typically diagnosed after menopause.
Exposure to estrogen through foods, medications, and other
environmental factors does not contribute to a woman’s risk of endometriosis.
BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology
II
Module 10 Case Study
QUESTION 1
Hawa is a 26-year-old female patient with a history of
infertility. She and her partner have been trying to conceive naturally for 2
years. Hawa started taking fertility medication 6 months ago to stimulate
follicle development. At 21 years of age, she was diagnosed with pelvic inflammatory
disease, which was treated with antibiotics. Her menstrual cycle has been
unpredictable over the last 3 months, with sporadic light bleeding. During the
last month, she has felt nauseous and experienced diarrhea. Yesterday, she had
a sudden onset of abdominal and pelvic pain and heavy vaginal bleeding. She is
concerned about the sudden change and sees her gynecologist the following day.
Hawa’s gynecologist is concerned she may be experiencing an
ectopic pregnancy. Briefly describe what this means, in your own words.
QUESTION 2
There are many risk factors for ectopic pregnancies. Which
risk factors does Hawa display?
QUESTION 3
Hawa’s physician explains that most ectopic pregnancies are
“tubal pregnancies.” What does this mean?
Fertilization
occurred outside the fallopian tube.
Implantation
occurred outside the fallopian tube.
Implantation
occurred within the fallopian tube.
Both
ovaries released an egg into fallopian tube.
QUESTION 4
Why is it concerning for a fertilized egg to implant outside
of the uterus?
QUESTION 5
If Hawa takes a pregnancy test, it will be negative because
ectopic pregnancies do not produce the human chorionic gonadotropin.
QUESTION 6
If Hawa’s pregnancy is allowed to continue, which of the
following may occur? (Select all possibilities.)
Permanent
damage to her fallopian tube
Completion
of a full term pregnancy
Life-threatening
blood loss
Increased
likelihood for a successful subsequent pregnancy
QUESTION 7
A transvaginal ultrasound is used to confirm Hawa’s tubal
pregnancy. Which of the following statements is ?
Hawa
likely became pregnant 6 months ago and was not aware of the pregnancy until
now.
Hawa’s
will be allowed to continue her pregnancy, as long as there is no further
vaginal bleeding.
If
Hawa’s pregnancy continues, her life could be at risk.
Hawa’s
pregnancy will likely be treated by total hysterectomy.
QUESTION 8
If Hawa’s pregnancy is determined to be only a few weeks
along, which of these treatments would be her best option?
Injection
of methotrexate
Injection
of human chorionic gonadotropin
Partial
hysterectomy
Dilation
and curettage
QUESTION 9
If Hawa’s diagnostic ultrasound estimates that her pregnancy
is about 4 weeks along, which of the following is of the fetus?
Limb
buds are well-developed.
Heartbeat
is present.
Liver
is producing bile.
Urine
is produced.
QUESTION 10
If Hawa’s diagnostic ultrasound estimates that her pregnancy
is about 8 weeks along, which of the following is of the fetus?
Lungs
are fully developed.
Bones
have begun to calcify.
Limb
buds have yet to form.
Sex
is distinguishable.
