Question 1
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Audiences, bystanders and crowds are to __ as coworkers,
sports teams, and study groups are to __.
Select one:
a. primary groups;
collectives
b. collectives;
categories
c. collectives;
social groups
d. social groups;
personal groups
e. secondary groups;
primary groups
Question 2
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If one wishes to draw a cause-effect conclusion, then one
should use ___ methods.
Select one:
a. case study
b. structured
c. observational
d. experimental
e. self-report
Question 3
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According to the text, humans affiliate because
Select one:
a. of their need for
belonging.
b. they are
instinctively gregarious.
c. isolation is a
negative, painful experience.
d. all of the above
are possible reasons.
Question 4
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Studies of inclusion and exclusion indicate that
Select one:
a. people do not
react negatively to rejection from groups.
b. individuals who
respond negatively to exclusion tend to be insecure.
c.
inclusion-exclusion is a continuum rather than an either-or process.
d. people, when
excluded by a group, tend to rate the group more positively than people who are
accepted by the group.
Question 5
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As group size decreases, the concept of homophily suggests
that the most likely member to leave the group is
Select one:
a. the member that is
the least similar to other group members.
b. the individual who
fails in the leadership position.
c. the member who
started the most conflict within the group.
d. members who
membership in the group is above their CL.
Question 6
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Individuals raised in Western cultures, compared to those
from Eastern cultures, tend to
Select one:
a. Draw more
fine-grained distinctions between different types of groups.
b. Stress group-level
processes more than individual level processes.
c. Attribute
individual's actions to personal qualities rather than group-level processes.
d. Stress collective,
group-level identity more so than individualize sources of identity.
Question 7
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Dale, who is outgoing but not exceptionally bright, is best
friends with Chip, who is a straight "A" student but rather shy.
Their relationship supports the ___ hypothesis.
Select one:
a. similarity
b. balancec
c. complementarity
d. reward
Question 8
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Individuals who live in New York are called New Yorkers. New
Yorkers are
Select one:
a. a norm.
b. a planned group.
c. a category.
d. an emergent group.
e. an interaction.
Question 9
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A police task force working to reduce violent crime
experienced conflict initially, but then it became better organized and more
effective until, after several years, it disbanded. The task force's
development is consistent with a ___ model.
Select one:
a. hierarchical phase
b. successive-stage
c. cyclical
d. balance
e. punctuated
equilibrium
Question 10
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Like many groups, the students didn't get much done until
one week before the end of the semester-at which time the group, out of panic,
started working at a furious pace. This group's development is consistent with
a ___ model.
Select one:
a. hierarchical phase
b. successive-stage
c. cyclical
d. balance
e. punctuated
equilibrium
Question 11
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Alice has just been hired by the Acme Controls Company, but
she hasn't been trained. Therefore, she has little idea what her duties are.
She is experiencing
Select one:
a. role ambiguity.
b. interrole
conflict.
c. differentiation
conflict.
d. intrarole
conflict.
e. role drain.
Question 12
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If you are a high status person in a hierarchically
organized group, most likely
Select one:
a. you will initiate
more communications than a low status person.
b. you will receive
few communications from equal status persons.
c. you will be more
dissatisfied with your position in the group.
d. the communications
you receive from lower status persons will be negative.
Question 13
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Interdependence, a key quality of groups, requires
Select one:
a. all members of the
group influence each other equally.
b. members' outcomes
depend, in part, on the actions of others in the group.
c. influence is
reciprocal, in the sense that if A influences B, then B influences A.
d. group members
share a common goal.
Question 14
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Shannon takes her family to church on Sunday. She makes sure
that her family sits quietly during mass. She believes that religion will teach
her children strong moral values. Shannon's family is a(n)
Select one:
a. primary group.
b. social group.
c. self-organizing
group.
d. essential group.
e. category.
Question 15
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The person who says ___ is committing the "group
fallacy."
Select one:
a. I don't believe in
groups.
b. Groups
substantially influence individual members.
c. The group became
so upset that it turned against its own leader.
d. Membership in a
collective can influence individual members' sense of identity.
e. The actions of all
are equivalent to the action of each one.
Question 16
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A researcher investigates the relationship between
cohesiveness and team performance by studying the 1960 Pittsburgh Pirates
baseball team. This method is called
Select one:
a. experimentation.
b. self-report.
c. case study.
d. correlational.
e. observation.
Question 17
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The stages in Tuckman's group development model are, in
order,
Select one:
a. storming, forming,
norming, conforming, adjourning.
b. forming, storming,
norming, performing, adjourning.
c. forming, norming,
storming, performing, adjourning.
d. forming, storming,
conforming, performing, adjourning.
Question 18
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According to Hofstede, in cultures marked by high levels of
___ members tend to act independently of one another.
Select one:
a. long-term
orientation
b. masculinity
c. competition
d. individualism
e. emotionality
Question 19
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Correlational studies, relative to experiments
Select one:
a. do not yield much
information about cause-effect relationships.
b. are often
distorted by the Hawthorne effect.
c. require excessive
manipulation of the group situation.
d. do not provide an
index of the magnitude of the relationship between variables.
Question 20
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Dana is deciding which of two groups to join. To make her
decision, Dana makes lists of the positives and the negatives of each. After
looking over the list, she decides to join the group with the most appealing
characteristics. This decision is most consistent with ___ theory.
Select one:
a. systems
b. social exchange
c. observational
d. motivational
e. autocratic
Question 21
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I believe that groups work best when the members can set
their own goals, for they become energized when they pick their own tasks and
experience heightened enjoyment. My theory has elements of several theoretical
approaches, but if you focus on the theory's most CENTRAL assumptions you would
call it a(n) ___ theory.
Select one:
a. motivational and
emotion
b. systems
c. cognitive
d. biological
e. analytic
Question 22
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After taking a job in a library Jill not only begins to
think of herself as a librarian, but she also begins to take on the
characteristics and qualities commonly attributed to librarians. Jill is
engaged in
Select one:
a.
overcategorization.
b. self-stereotyping.
c. altercasting.
d. self-selection.
e. social comparison.
Question 23
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A line of people waiting to get into the movies is an
example of a
Select one:
a. primary group.
b. collective.
c. personal group.
d. category.
e. social group.
Question 24
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I rarely participate in group activities, for I prefer to
let members make all the decisions for themselves without input from me. I am
a(n) ___ leader.
Select one:
a. autocratic
b. democratic
c. authoritarian
d. laissez-faire
e. transforming
Question 25
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Laboratory studies of group phenomena can be criticized most
for
Select one:
a. failing to
maintain control over irrelevant factors.
b. studying behavior
in relatively contrived settings.
c. yielding
correlational conclusions.
d. demonstrating
cause-effect relationships.
Question 26
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In Lewin's formula B = f(P,E), P stands for ___ and E stands
for ___.
Select one:
a. person;
environment
b. personality;
external factors
c. past; environment
d. person; evolution
e. personality;
entitativity
Question 27
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Drawing on sociometer theory, who is most likely to NOT
suffer due to exclusion from a group?
Select one:
a. an individual who
is shunned
b. a person who is
ostracized from a computer-based group
c. a individual who
is not asked to speak when she joins a group psychotherapy group
d. an explorer who is
left behind by other members of the party
e. a person who is
dropped, at random, from membership on a jury
Question 28
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Susan recently logged on to a chat room and started
"chatting." However, no one in the online group paid any attention to
her. Studies on cyberostracism suggest that Susan will most likely
Select one:
a. sit quietly and
wait until someone talks to her.
b. leave and start a
new group by herself.
c. increase the
amount of communication to the group.
d. stop going online.
e. exhibit no change
in her behavior.
Question 29
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The concept of collectivism assumes the self
Select one:
a. is based on our
group's definition of who we are.
b. is a collection of
individual components.
c. contains memories
and qualities that are collected during our lifetimes.
d. is embedded in and
inseparable from other people.
e. does not exist.
Question 30
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The largest percentage of Americans, when surveyed about the
groups they belong to, reported membership in ___ -related groups.
Select one:
a. work
b. sports
c. hobby
d. educational
e. church
Question 31
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Denise thought the test was easy, but she was not sure. So,
after she turns in her paper she talks to her friends to see what they thought
about the test. Denise's actions best illustrate
Select one:
a. need for
affiliation.
b. need for power.
c. need for intimacy.
d. extraversion.
e. the social
comparison processes.
Question 32
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Dimitry focuses more on the relationship aspect of his
connection to others. His attitudes and values are oriented around maintaining
these connections. Dimitry is high in
Select one:
a. need for control
b. task orientation
c. entravision
d. introversion
e. relationality
Question 33
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Donald decides that he wants to do more for the group. He
starts helping other people by taking on some of their work and organizing
funding raisers to raise money. Donald is providing ___ support for the group
and its members.
Select one:
a. exploitation
b. emotional
c. information
d. instrumental
e. spiritual
Question 34
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I try to work my way into the leadership positions and I
enjoy exercising my authority over other people. I am
Select one:
a. high in need for
Affiliation.
b. experiencing
sibling rivalry.
c. low in expressed
affection.
d. high in need for
Power.
Question 35
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Social comparison theory argues people join groups because
of
Select one:
a. their need for
information concerning social reality.
b. their dependence
on others for the satisfaction of their esteem needs.
c. evolutionary
pressures.
d. the attractiveness
of group members.
Question 36
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A multicomponent approach to cohesion assumes
Select one:
a. cohesion is based
primarily on interpersonal attraction.
b. there is no single
sufficient condition that, when present, will generate group cohesion.
c. the concept of
cohesion is, itself, not cohesive.
d. a group where
members no longer feel emotionally connected to one another but are still proud
to be members does not qualify as being cohesive.
e. a highly
productive group marked by high levels of integrated teamwork but where members
dislike each other does not qualify as being cohesive.
Question 37
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Comparing ourselves to others who are performing better than
we are ___, but comparing ourselves to others who are performing worse than we
are ___.
Select one:
a. gives us hope;
raises our self-esteem
b. raises our
self-esteem; gives us hope
c. is downward social
comparison; is upward social comparison
d. is healthy; is
unhealthy
Question 38
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Ed tends toward collectivism, rather than individualism. He
will likely
Select one:
a. prefer to split
$100 earned by the group by giving more to members who worked harder.
b. describe himself
as critical, extraverted, and intelligent rather than a Steeler's fan or a
family man.
c. describe himself
in terms of roles and relations rather than personal attributes.
d. live in the U.S.
rather than an Asian country.
e. express a lack of
respect for authorities.
Question 39
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Cohesion enhances group performance when
Select one:
a. it increases
tolerance for other members' shortcomings.
b. the norms of the
group support high rates of productivity.
c. groups are working
on cognitive, rather than physical, tasks.
d. leaders expect
more from cohesive groups.
e. based on
attraction rather than task commitment.
Question 40
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Elizabeth measures how, over time, groups change and evolve.
She studies
Select one:
a. group development.
b. cognitive
dissonance.
c. group cohesion.
d. group synergy.
Question 41
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For a group to have high collective efficacy
Select one:
a. the leader must
feel that the group is capable of success.
b. group members must
feel they can do what it takes to succeed.
c. members must be
confident.
d. members must work
well together.
Question 42
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concepts of need for affiliation and need for power are
similar in that both assume that
Select one:
a. people join groups
to satisfy basic needs.
b. most people need
to control other people.
c. we are attracted
to people who have similar needs.
d. social factors,
and not personality factors, influence group formation.
Question 43
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Liking for the group is ___ cohesion, whereas high levels of
goal-focused team work is ___ cohesion.
Select one:
a. emotional; team
b. social; structural
c. social; task;
d. attraction;
performing
e. personal
attraction; social attraction
Question 44
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The group is high in ___ cohesion, for all the members are
personally committed to doing their part to help the group reach its goals.
Select one:
a. attraction
b. social
c. collective
d. task
e. associative
Question 45
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Which statement is most accurate?
Select one:
a. Cohesive groups
are superior to noncohesive groups.
b. Cohesive groups
invariably outperform noncohesive groups.
c. Members of
cohesive groups are more satisfied with membership, but they are more likely to
leave the group.
d. Cohesive groups
can avoid the conflict stage of group development.
e. Cohesiveness
intensifies group processes.
Question 46
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According to the text, ___ norms include an evaluative
component.
Select one:
a. descriptive
b. injunctive
c. expectational
d. preferential
e. base-rate
Question 47
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Many college students drink unhealthy amounts of alcohol,
because they mistakenly assume that (a) everyone drinks alcohol and (b)
everyone drinks more than they actually do. This bias is known as
Select one:
a. the fundamental
attribution error.
b. pluralistic
ignorance.
c. group attribution
error.
d. normative drift.
e. the autokinetic
effect.
Question 48
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Balance theory, developed by Fritz Heider, assumes that
groups tend toward a balanced state in that
Select one:
a. leaders naturally
seek out those who wish to be led.
b. unattractive group
members tend to like attractive group members.
c. attraction is
determined by the person rather than the group.
d. roles are
apportioned based on fairness, when possible.
e. liking tends to be
reciprocal.
Question 49
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Given the relationship between network position and
satisfaction, the majority of the group members will be more satisfied when
working in a ___ network.
Select one:
a. centralized
b. decentralized
c. hierarchical
d. one-way
Question 50
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I'm confused. As group leader, some people think I should
maintain strict control, while others feel that I should say as little as
possible. I'm experiencing
Select one:
a. role ambiguity.
b. interrole
conflict.
c. differentiation
conflict.
d. intrarole
conflict.
e. role drain.
Question 51
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What one concept can explain the following facts: members of
certain groups, such as sororities, sometimes develop similar eating disorders;
the judgments of people estimating the movement of light in a dark room tend to
converge; students at Bennington College expressed more liberal attitudes the
longer they attended school; students drinking more alcohol than they should.
leadership
Select one:
a. norms
b. personality
c. development
d. leadership
e. autokinesis
Question 52
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Which one is NOT a characteristic of norms?
Select one:
a. Shared among group
members, rather than personal idiosyncratic beliefs.
b. Describe how most
members act, feel, and think.
c. Set the standards
for expected behaviors.
d. Often taken for
granted by members.
e. Flexible and
change rapidly over time as new members join the group.
Question 53
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The idea of entitativity suggests a people will be referred
to as a "group" if the aggregate
Select one:
a. is structured in
some way.
b. is passive rather
than dynamic.
c. has very few
members.
d. has only one goal.
e. is perceived to be
a single, unified whole.
Question 54
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As a scientist, you want to know if leaders who are
authoritarian get more productivity out of their followers than do leaders who
are democratic. You should
Select one:
a. ask politicians
for their opinions on the matter.
b. consult experts on
business management.
c. ask Kurt Lewin
what he thinks.
d. conduct a study of
the relationship between leadership and productivity.
e. ask several group
members what they think.
Question 55
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I believe that when people work in groups each member
mentally sizes up every other member, and then lets those who seemed to know
the most about the task at hand, or just seemed generally knowledgeable about
groups, to have a larger say in the group's process. This theory probably has
elements of several theoretical approaches, but if you focus on the theory's
most CENTRAL assumptions you would call it a ___ theory.
Select one:
a. motivational
b. behavioral
c. systems
d. cognitive
e. biological
Question 56
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According to Leary's sociometer model, self-esteem
Select one:
a. is an indicator of
self-love.
b. is based on
self-appraisals of worth.
c. is an internal
signal that warns of possible exclusion.
d. rises and falls
with each success and each failure.
e. is created by
individuals, rather than by groups.
Question 57
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I have substantial ___ because I am linked to many
individuals and groups through an extensive network of interpersonal
relationships.
Select one:
a. social loneliness
b. social capital
c. belongingness
d. social
extrapolation
e. dynamic inclusion
Question 58
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An exchange theory of group formation suggests that
Select one:
a. people like to
"exchange" their groups for new ones every so often.
b. when people join
groups they exchange their self for the collective self.
c. once a change
stabilizes it becomes an exchange.
d. groups form when
members invest in the relationship by giving one another rewards.
Question 59
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Conflict is to the ____ stage as increased cohesion is to
the ____ stage.
Select one:
a. storming; norming
b. trouble;
conforming
c. disorientated;
orientation
d. storming;
conforming
e. stress; relaxation
Question 60
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The encourager, harmonizer, and compromiser are examples of
___ roles.
Select one:
a. task
b. relationship
c. individual
d. congruent
e. diffuse
