HARPER PSY228 Exam 2 Latest 2018 November

EXAM 2

Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

1. Explore and then explain the link between hormones and behavior in adolescence.

2. Discuss how early or late maturation affects males and females.

3. Why is bulimia often more difficult to detect than anorexia?

4. What does it mean to be, “sexually mature”? How does this happen? Include brain information

5. Discuss two aspects of adolescent egocentrism and offer an example of each.

6. Outline formal operational thought and explain how this new cognitive ability may improve critical thinking, hypothetical deductive reasoning, executive functioning, and may assist in college or career preparation.

7. What, based upon your own experiences and text referencing should be the role that parents play during adolescence? How much will culture dictate how the role is defined? Please use your own experience and the text explanations.

8. Outline the recommendations that you would have to design more effective schools for adolescents.

9. What is service learning? When is it most effective?

Chapter 12: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence

1. Explain the concept of psychosocial moratorium.

2. Briefly describe the elements identified by James Maria as determining an individual’s identity status.

3. Which status of identity would be most closely linked to an authoritarian style of parenting as described by Diana Baumrind (Chapter 8)?

4. Discuss the issue of ethnic identity in the third and later generations of immigrants.

5. Researchers have found that adolescents’ disclosure to parents about their whereabouts, activities and friends is linked to positive adolescent adjustment. Which style of parenting described in chapter 8 would be most conducive to encouraging voluntary disclosure by adolescents?

6. How can parents help their adolescents to develop the ability to attain autonomy, gain control over their behavior and make mature decision?

7. In which situations are adolescents most likely to conform to peers?

8. The discretionary time available to U.S. adolescents is greater than that available to their counterparts in East Asia, Europe and other industrialized countries. Analyze if this additional discretionary time is an asset or a liability for U.S. adolescents.

9. Discuss the special concerns that have emerged about children’s and adolescents’ access to information in the Internet.

10. Discuss how some characteristics of lower SES might promote juvenile delinquency.

Chapter 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood

1. List the five key features identified by Jeffrey Arnet as characterizing emerging adulthood. What do you think of each of these suggested features?

2. Identify the factors that predict a positive outcome and recovery from alcoholism. Should we be teaching relapse prevention?

3. Identify a challenge faced by adult smokers who are trying to quit.

4. According to psychologist Laura Brown, how can lesbians and gay males adapt to a world in which they are a minority?

5. List two reasons that death due to HIV/AIDS has begun to decline in the United States.

6. What is postformal thought like in practice? Have you ever had to help someone make a Medicare selection? It will definitely get you into post formal operational thought!!!

7. In interviews with 12- to 22-year-olds, Damon found that only about 20 percent had a clear vision of where they want to go in life, what they want to achieve and why. Slightly more than 20 percent expressed no aspirations and in some instances said they didn’t see any reason to have aspirations. What identity status would you associate with these two groups based on the discussion on James Marcia’s concept in chapter 12? Isn’t it okay to not have aspirations between the ages of 12 and 22?

8. Discuss some of the positives and negatives of working while in college.

Chapter 14: Socioemotional Development in Early Adulthood

1. What is temperament? What is its connection to adult personality?

2. Describe the three attachment styles and explain how attachments influence relationships, and careers.

3. Briefly describe the link between the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) and adult unresolved attachment.

4. Explain consensual validation and the matching hypothesis. Give an example of each.

5. Compare women’s and male’s friendship patterns.

6. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of being single in early adulthood.

7. Does cohabitation influence marital satisfaction? Discuss the possible reasons for this.

8. List a few reasons why remarried adults often find it difficult to stay remarried.

9. Discuss the misconceptions about gay and lesbian couples. Why do you think that these misconceptions exist?

10. What are some of the advantages of having children later? What are some advantages of having children earlier? When is the correct time to have children?

11. Describe the different communication styles identified by Deborah Tannen and describe the gender differences in its usage. How might this communication style sabotage relationships?

Chapter 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood

1. Identify three of the physical changes that take place during middle adulthood for both males and females.

2. Describe the differences between LDL and HDL and some of the changes one can make in lifestyle to affect cholesterol levels.

3. What are the leading causes of death in middle adulthood?

4. Describe hormone replacement therapy and identify some of its risks.

5. What are the hormonal changes related to the development in middle-aged men?

6. What are the significant findings regarding sexual attitudes and behaviors of middle-aged adults?

7. Distinguish between crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence, and explain how they may change in middle adulthood.

8. List four strategies that distinguish an expert from a novice.

9. Discuss the career challenges faced by middle-aged workers in the 21st century.

Chapter 16: Socioemotional Development in Middle Adulthood

1. Identify and discuss the seventh stage of Erikson’s psychosocial life-span development perspective.

2. Describe the transition to middle adulthood according to Levinson. Explain why his research is criticized and how Gilligan’s perspective is different.

3. Explain the contemporary life-events approach to development.

4. Describe how middle-aged adults perceive control over what happens to them.

5. Define social clock.

6. Is it true that most stage theories have a male bias? How differently do women experience middle age?

7. Based on the findings of the Berkeley Longitudinal Studies, what is the major criticism against stage theories?

8. Describe the advantages that middle-aged women in non-industrialized societies may experience.

9. Middle adults are often charged with the responsibility of caring for aging parents and raising adolescents. How does this responsibility influence health and social interactions?

Chapter 17: Physical Development in Late Adulthood

1. What is the difference between life span and life expectancy?

2. What is the argument presented by the evolutionary theory of aging?

3. Discuss the cellular clock theory of aging.

4. Discuss the free-radical theory of aging.

5. Discuss the hormonal stress theory of aging.

6. Describe the shrinking of the brain in the aging process.

7. List three major findings from the Nun Study on aging.

8. Describe the major changes in physical appearance and movement in old age.

9. What are the three major eye diseases that can impact the vision of older adults?

10. Describe the major changes in sexual functioning among older males.

11. Define chronic disorders, and briefly describe major chronic conditions affecting the older population.

12. What is the “invisible epidemic” among older adults?

Chapter 18: Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood

1. Contrast cognitive mechanics and cognitive pragmatics, and give examples of each.

2. Analyze the terms fluid mechanic and crystallized pragmatics.

3. Discuss the three types of attention.

4. Describe the status of semantic memory as individual’s age.

5. Do beliefs, expectations and feelings influence memory? What are the other non-cognitive factors affecting memory?

6. What is the impact of training on cognitive skills of older adults? Are the benefits transferable across domains?

7. What is Denise Park and Patricia Reuter-Lorenz’s view on the aging and cognition?

8. Describe the status of the language aspect of discourse in aging.

9. Discuss the factors involved in employment for older adults. What are the challenges?

10. What are the important factors influencing depression in older adults?

11. Define dementia and its warning signs.

12. Briefly describe Alzheimer disease.

Chapter 19: Socioemotional Development in Late Adulthood

1. Name and briefly discuss Erikson’s final stage of development.

2. What does activity theory suggest for older adults?

3. Describe the socioemotional selectivity theory.

4. What are the two important classes of goals identified by socioemotional theory? How do they differ across different age periods?

5. Describe the selective optimization with compensation model.

6. What does studies on personal life investments across age groups reveal?

7. What are the Big Five personality factors that influence mortality of older adults?

8. Why is self-esteem least stable in early childhood? How stable is self-esteem in late adulthood?

9. What can be done to manage the negative effects of aging on self-control? Does the importance of the strategies differ across age groups?

10. What are the typical effects of ageism? Explain micro-aggressions and stereo-type threats that may occur.

11. How does generational inequity influence policymaking?

12. Describe the changes that occur in a traditional couple during the final stage of the marriage process, and how they adjust to these changes.

13. What is the role of gender in relationships involving older adult parents and their children?

14. Do older adults feel less lonely than their younger counterparts? Why?

15. Describe the influence of ethnicity in older adulthood.

Chapter 20: Death, Dying and Grieving

1. Describe the components of the death system according to Robert Kastenbaum.

2. Discuss the definition of brain death, and the criteria involved in its determination.

3. Define advance directive.

4. Define euthanasia. Name and describe the two types of euthanasia.

5. Discuss “good death”.

6. Define hospice and explain its focus.

7. Describe common reactions to death of younger adults who are dying.

8. Kübler-Ross’ stages of dying were designed and researched and applied to those who had been diagnosed with a terminal illness. There is not correct, specific pattern to her stages. In reality you may go from denial through acceptance within an hour or linger in one stage for months. The question is….how do these stages influence loved ones who are watching, caring for, and spending time with a terminally ill person that they love?

9. As you know, there is no such thing as closure. You need to learn to live with the death of a loved one, and that learning to “live with” is very challenging and takes time. Now that you have read about death and dying in another country, read our text, and perhaps had some personal experiences with death, what in your opinion would be most supportive for someone who has experienced the death of a loved one?

10. How does denial impact individuals’ adaption to approaching death?

11. What are some of the advantages of having dying individuals know that they are dying and that significant others know they are dying?

12. Define grief and discuss its major dimensions.